Various forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The influence and power of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread, including to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire,though by the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic Football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. In the twentieth century, the various codes of football have become amongst the most popular team sports in the world.
football rule
Players and teams:
In football, teams consist of 11 players. Each team tries to get the ball into the opposing teams end zone. There are 3 types of teams: Offensive, Defensive, and Special teams.
Offence:
Offensive players are separated into the following groups: 7 linemen who play on the line of scrimmage, or the line where the bal is located; and backs who are placed in different positions behind the linemen. The Linemen are designated in the following ways:
The center starts the game by hiking the ball, passing it through his legs, to a player directly behind him. After that the other players form a barrier for the ball carrier, or the quarterback. Different player protect the quarterback and tackle the defense. The quarterback can hand off the ball, pass or run straight downfield with it. One formation is the T formation in which the quarterback hands off the ball to the fullback or other backs, and rushes. Wide receivers catch most of the plays and replace backs and ends on the line of scrimmage.
Defense:
The defense team is made up of the defensive lines, linebackers, and defensive backs. The defense team uses any number of players that they can. On average have 3 or 4 linemen who primarily stop the quarterback. The 3 or 4 linebackers can stop runners cover the other teams receivers, etc. The defensive back or secondary, consist of 2 cornerbacks who cover receivers and 2 safeties who guard that are behind linebackers.
Special teams:
Special teams usually consist of players who only play in certain part of the game. For example, the kicker only plays at the beginning or half of the game and tries to kick the ball through the goal posts. The punter kicks the ball downfield only when the offensive team has to surrender it.
Officials:
A team of seven officials usually looks over a football game. They include: a referee, an umpire, a linesman, a field judge, a line judge, a side judge, and a back judge. They enforce the rules. The referee is mainly the head of the outfit decided the calls etc. The umpire questions uniforms equipment etc. The linesmen mostly mark the balls at the end of each play. The field judge mainly times the game.
Equipment:
The football itself is an extended oval spheroid that weighs between 14 and 15 oz. The white rings on football help the players grasp it. Beneath the player's uniform and pants he wears a series of pads for protection. These protect the players on the field from bodily injuries. The players usually wear cleats that provide traction. The player's helmet protects the player's head from injury. It has a strap on it that helps a player keep it on. It also has a facemask and holes in the side that allow a player to hear.
Playing football:
A football game usually consists of 4 separate quarters. Two make up the separate halves. The halftime period is usually 15 minutes. The teams change sides after half time. At the start of a game the two teams decided who would kick first. In the NFL, the kick takes place at the kicking teams 30-yard line. Before the player kicks it the other teams spreads out in an effort to intercept the ball. If a player on the receiving team intercepts the ball he may run down the field with it. If he is tackled and stopped this is known as a down. This is official when one the tackled players knees touches the ground. The ball is the placed on the line where the player was downed. When scrimmage takes place, the ball put back into play. Before scrimmage the teams huddles and discusses which plays to use etc. after huddles they line up with each other opposite on the line of scrimmage. If the quarterback decides a new play coded signals are announced. The play begins when the center hikes the ball.
Different passes are used in the game as well. The forward pass is happens when the quarterback throws the ball directly downfield. The back ends and other players try to catch it and score. A lateral play can be made anywhere to anyone on the field. The defense team has to stop the other team from advance or stop the offence from getting to the line of scrimmage. The offense team has to advance the ball 10 yards in 4 tries called downs. Teams usually punt on the forth down. The defense can gain possession of the ball by recovering fumbles of intercepting it in throws.
The games objective is to score more points than the opposing team. When you make touchdown in football, a player carries the ball into the end zone. This is worth 6 points. Extra-point conversion only happens after a touchdown and allows the team to get a few more points. Kicking field goals are worth 3 points if they make it throw the goal post. This usually takes place on the last down and when a ball is 35 yards near the goal line. The defense team can earn 2 safety points when the ball is behind the opponent's goal line. When the offensive team is permitted to down the ball intentionally behind it's own line, it is called a touchback and is awarded no extra points. Tiebreaker games can be decided by sudden death rounds, (when the first team to score is the winner) or in overtime periods.
History
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (episkyrosor "φαινίνδα" (phaininda), which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football.The Roman politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC.It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established.[citation needed] Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively. Later, another type of goal posts emerged, consisting of just one goal post in the middle of the field.[citation needed] A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine, Japan.The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (蹴鞠), and was developed during the Asuka period.[citation needed]This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). The game appears to have died out sometime before the mid-19th century. It was revived in 1903 and is now played at a number of festivals.[citation needed] A game known as "football" was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century: it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906. There is evidence for schoolboys playing a "football" ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball. The word "pass" in the most recent translation is derived from "huc percute" (strike it here) and later "repercute pilam" (strike the ball again) in the original Latin. It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team. The original word translated as "goal" is "metum", literally meaning the "pillar at each end of the circus course" in a Roman chariot race. There is a reference to "get hold of the ball before [another player] does" (Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed. One sentence states in the original 1930 translation "Throw yourself against him" (Age, objice te illi).There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland. There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman.[citation needed] On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball"). The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Abo
ไม่มีความคิดเห็น:
แสดงความคิดเห็น